Dry eye disease (DED) is a multifactorial condition of the tear film and ocular surface that significantly impacts quality of life, affecting both vision and overall comfort.
Once considered primarily a disease of older adults, DED is now widely recognized across different age groups due to diverse contributing factors like increased digital device use, environmental conditions, and an aging population.
This article highlights why DED prevalence is growing, how optometry schools are addressing the issue, and how students can enhance their knowledge and skills for better patient outcomes.
Overview of dry eye disease
According to the Tear Film & Ocular Surface Society (TFOS) Dry Eye Workshop (DEWS) III Report, DED is “a multifactorial, symptomatic disease characterized by a loss of homeostasis of the tear film and/or ocular surface.”1
The condition involves tear film instability, hyperosmolarity, ocular surface inflammation, and neurosensory abnormalities leading to symptoms such as burning, stinging, and fluctuating vision.
DED statistics
In the United States alone, over 16 million people have been clinically diagnosed with DED, accounting for around 6.8% of the adult population.2 However, some estimates suggest the true figure might be double that when considering undiagnosed cases.3 Globally, prevalence ranges from 5 to 50%, reflecting variations in diagnostic criteria, environmental factors, and genetic predispositions.4
Reasons for the rise in DED
- Screen time: Increased digital device use can reduce blink rate and increase incomplete blinking, leading to tear evaporation.5
- Aging population: People over the age of 50 are at higher risk, given age-related changes in tear film production.4
- Environmental factors: Air conditioning, low humidity, and pollution can exacerbate DED symptoms.6
- Systemic health: Certain medications (e.g., antihistamines, antidepressants) and autoimmune conditions (e.g., Sjögren’s disease) can contribute to DED.4
How optometry schools are training students to address DED
With the high prevalence of DED, it only makes sense that optometry schools are taking measures to prepare students to meet the rising demand for early diagnosis and treatment. They are doing this in a number of ways, including through changes in curriculum, partnerships, and clinical training.
Curriculum changes
Many optometry schools in the US have integrated specialized coursework and clinical exposure focusing on ocular surface disease.7 Students are introduced to the pathophysiology of DED early in their studies, followed by hands-on clinical training during externships.
This ensures they are skilled in performing comprehensive dry eye evaluations, including tear film breakup time (TBUT), Schirmer’s test, and meibomian gland assessments.
Industry partnerships
Partnerships between leading device manufacturers and optometry programs are transforming the way future eyecare professionals approach dry eye diagnosis and treatment.
For example, Lumenis intense pulsed light (IPL) technology has collaborated with 18 of the 24 optometry schools in the US, providing students with access to advanced equipment such as the FDA-approved OptiLIGHT IPL device and the complementary OptiPLUS radiofrequency (RF) system.8
These collaborations ensure that students receive hands-on experience with state-of-the-art tools designed to address meibomian gland dysfunction and ocular surface inflammation, preparing them to meet growing patient demand for effective dry eye management.
By integrating technologies like IPL, RF, LipiFlow, and advanced imaging systems into their training programs, schools are equipping the next generation of optometrists with practical, real-world skills. Such industry-academic partnerships not only expand students’ clinical competencies but also align educational outcomes with the latest trends in patient care.9
To learn more about these technologies, check out Light and Sound: IPL and Radiofrequency for Dry Eye!
Clinical workshops and externships
To bridge the gap between textbook knowledge and real-world application, optometry schools often hold workshops and externship programs.
These programs allow students to observe live DED cases, interact with mentors, and learn patient management skills—including patient education on lifestyle modifications (e.g., screen breaks, humidifiers)—and the use of treatments like prescription dry eye medications or punctal plugs.
Dry eye educational resources for students
Beyond the classroom, multiple avenues exist for optometry students to hone their DED expertise:
- Certificates and webinars: Organizations such as the American Optometric Association (AOA) and the International Ocular Surface Society (IOSS) host webinars and offer certifications in DED management. Students can expand their knowledge beyond the standard curriculum by attending these professional events.
- Workshops and conferences: Conferences (e.g., Vision Expo, American Academy of Optometry meetings) often feature DED-focused workshops, giving students and new grads the opportunity to learn the latest research findings, diagnostic approaches, and treatment modalities.
- Mentorship programs: Formal mentorship programs within optometry schools or professional organizations can accelerate clinical learning, as mentors guide students through the nuances of diagnosing and managing complex DED cases.
The value of mentorship
Mentorship plays a pivotal role in shaping a student’s clinical acumen and confidence. By shadowing experienced clinicians, students gain insight into advanced diagnostic techniques—such as tear osmolarity testing and meibography—and can observe how professionals tailor treatment plans to individual patients.
Mentors also offer valuable feedback, helping students refine their communication and patient education skills, both crucial for successful DED management. Establishing a mentor-mentee relationship early can influence career paths and encourage a deeper dive into specialties like ocular surface disease.
Read more about developing relationships with mentors in the article Making the Most of the Mentor Relationship as an Optometry Student.
Key takeaways
- DED prevalence is growing: Recognize that the rise in DED is influenced by modern lifestyle factors, an aging population, and increased awareness, leading to more diagnoses.2
- Comprehensive education is essential: Seek out didactic and clinical opportunities to develop a strong foundation in DED pathophysiology, diagnosis, and treatment.
- Leverage partnerships and technology: Familiarity with advanced diagnostics and treatments—like IPL and thermal pulsation devices—will differentiate you in clinical practice.
- Continuing education matters: Stay current by attending conferences, webinars, and pursuing certifications or workshops focused on ocular surface disease.
- Mentorship is invaluable: Work with seasoned practitioners who can provide hands-on guidance, patient management tips, and career advice in DED care.
Conclusion
As dry eye disease continues to rise, optometry students are in a prime position to address this expanding public health concern.
By embracing comprehensive education, utilizing industry partnerships, participating in clinical workshops, and seeking mentors, the next generation of optometrists will be well-prepared to diagnose and manage DED effectively.
Ultimately, your commitment to staying informed and honing your skills will lead to better patient outcomes and professional satisfaction in the evolving landscape of eyecare.
